Agricultural sustainability has become in one of the main strategic objectives to be achieved with the next Common Agricultural Policy reform to be approved in 2013. Within this framework, this paper aims to perform a comparative analysis between conventional and ecological olive production in a county of Andalusia (Los Pedroches) in order to find the differences in their overall sustainability and its different components (i.e., economic, socio-cultural and environmental). This comparison is interesting because the results achieved could justify different public support for these two productive systems.